About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- Perennial, Forb/herb
- Native range
- Native to the lower 48 states
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Source: PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS.
This source reports three treatments. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 22, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow on the surface — do not cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 14 days to germinate.
38% germination in 14 days.
Light is worth four times the dark.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
10% germination.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
All the seeds rotted.
- 2
Sow on the surface — do not cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
about 3 months from start to sowing.
0% germination.